The Nord department is situated in the
Hauts-de-France region of northern France and shares its borders with Belgium, the North Sea, and the French departments of Pas-de-Calais and Aisne. It was created by combining the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The department is known for its rich cultural heritage and distinct French Flemish dialect of Dutch, which is still spoken alongside French as a native language. Similarly, the French Picard dialect, Ch'ti, is also spoken in this region. Nord is the most populated department in France and is home to the metropolitan region of Lille, the department's central city and prefecture. Lille's metropolitan region is France's fourth-largest urban area after
Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. Other important towns in the department include Valenciennes, Douai, and Dunkirk. Lille, along with nearby Roubaix, Tourcoing, and Villeneuve d'Ascq, constitutes the centre of a cluster of industrial and former mining towns that totals slightly over a million inhabitants.
The department of Nord was at the forefront of France's 19th-century industrial revolution and played a significant role in the country's economic growth during that time. However, it suffered severely during World War I and now faces the economic, social, and environmental problems associated with the decline of coal mining, which was the mainstay of the department's economy until recently. Coal mining dominated the department economically, extending through the department's heart from neighbouring Artois into central Belgium. Even though the coal mining industry has declined, the region has continued to grow and develop, becoming a hub for innovation and technology.
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